B.C. Reptiles & Amphibians

Credit: Patrick Alexander

Western Terrestrial Gartersnake

Thamnophis elegans vagrans

Description

Other names: Wandering Gartersnake, Terrestrial Gartersnake

The subspecies of Western Terrestrial Gartersnake that occurs in British Columbia is also called the Wandering Gartersnake. It is a medium-sized snake ranging between 15-75 cm in length, with strongly keeled scales and a large head with large eyes and round pupils. Females typically grow larger than males, as fecundity increases with body size. It can be differentiated from the other Gartersnake species in British Columbia by its 10 lower, and 8 upper labial scales. Western Terrestrial Gartersnakes have two distinct colour morphs in British Columbia: a darker coastal morph, and a lighter interior morph. Both types typically have a dorsal stripe and 2 lateral stripes, although there is substantial variation in the colour, length, and vibrance of the stripes between populations. The interior morph is most common and has a lighter brown-beige body colour with a yellow dorsal stripe line by two rows of dark spots, and lateral stripes that are also yellow but lighter and less distinct than the dorsal stripe. The darker coastal morph has a dark brown-black body colour with an orange-yellow dorsal stripe and two yellow lateral stripes. In both morphs, the belly is typically pale and may have darker blotching or markings.

Listen to the Indigenous words for “gartersnake” here!

Similar Species

The Western Terrestrial Gartersnake may be easily confused with the other species of Gartersnake in British Columbia: The Common Gartersnake and the Northwestern Gartersnake. The other two Gartersnake species typically only have 7 upper labial scales, compared to 8 in the Western Terrestrial, and the Common Gartersnake tends to have red barring on the sides.

Northwestern Gartersnake

Common Gartersnake

Western Terrestrial Gartersnake

Distribution

Western Terrestrial Gartersnakes are found in North America from central-western Canada south through the entirety of the western United States west of the Rockies to northern California, from sea level to elevations as high as 3400 m. In British Columbia, Western Terrestrial Gartersnakes are found in the southern half of the province from the Rockies to the coast, and north to the Nass and Peace River regions, as well as Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. Western Terrestrial Gartersnakes have the highest densities in the southern Interior north to Williams Lake, and in the Georgia Depression on the south coast.

Habitat

Western Terrestrial Gartersnakes overwinter from November through March below the frost line in rock sinks, crevices, or small mammal burrows. Where overwintering habitat is limited, or where winter conditions are harsher, they will often hibernate communally with many conspecifics and even other snake species. Western Terrestrial Gartersnakes are very aquatic snakes, and are less likely to be found in forests than the other two species in British Columbia. With that said, they are habitat generalists, and can be found in a broad variety of habitats including lowlands, rocky hillsides, grasslands, forest clearings, and wetlands, although they are most commonly found close to streams, rivers, ponds, and marsh complexes. They are the only Gartersnake species in B.C. that will regularly forage in intertidal habitats and make marine crossings between islands. Like the other Gartersnake species, cover objects and dense vegetation are important microhabitat features for protection from predators and for thermoregulation.

Reproduction

Western Terrestrial Gartersnakes are ovoviviparous. Mating occurs in the spring very shortly after emergence from overwintering dens. Males are first to emerge and will either actively seek out females or congregate near den areas awaiting the emerging females. Females will give birth to 3-24 live young in mid-late summer, with larger females giving birth to more young. Neonatal individuals range from 12-22 cm and have a variety of patterns from solid to checkered to striped. Neonates are independent at birth and grow very quickly in the first few years. Western Terrestrial Gartersnakes can live for more than 20 years.

Diet

The Western Terrestrial Gartersnake has the most varied diet of any snake in British Columbia, eating just about anything that will fit in its mouth. In coastal areas, they mainly eat fish, both freshwater and saltwater. In other areas, they commonly forage for worms, slugs, leeches, frogs, small mammals, birds, and even other snakes.

Credit: Frank Ritcey

Western Terrestrial Gartersnake Hunting Underwater

Conservation Status

Global: G5 (2016)

Provincial: S5 (2018)

BC List: Yellow

Learn more about conservation status rankings here

Threats

Western Terrestrial Gartersnakes appear to be abundant throughout their expansive range with stable populations. There is no known major, immediate threats to this species in British Columbia. Where populations exist near busy roads, road mortality may cause slow declines. Like other Gartersnakes, this species appears to tolerate low to moderate levels of human disturbance on the landscape.

Did You Know?

Western Terrestrial Gartersnakes in B.C. have a hunting technique that has not been observed in the other Gartersnake species. When predating larger prey like adult rodents or birds, they will coil around the prey and constrict it, while biting and chewing. These snakes have modified saliva glands that secrete a mild toxin that relaxes the prey for swallowing and likely aids in digestion.

Species Account Author: Marcus Atkins

References

B.C. Conservation Data Centre. 2010. Species Summary: Thamnophis elegans. B.C. Minist. of Environment. Available: https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/ (accessed Jun 15, 2021). 
Conservation Data Centre. 2011. Conservation Status Report: Thamnophis elegans. B.C. Minist. of Environment. Available: https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/ (accessed Jun 15, 2021). 
B.C. Conservation Data Centre. 2021. BC Species and Ecosystems Explorer. B.C. Minist. of Environ. Victoria, B.C. Available: https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/ (accessed Jun 15, 2021). 
https://www.bcreptiles.ca/snakes/westterrgarter.htm 
http://www.canadianherpetology.ca/species/species_page.html?cname=Terrestrial%20Gartersnake 
http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/efauna/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Thamnophis%20elegans